China's rare earth industry is facing difficulties in internal and external seizures: domestically, resource consumption is too fast, environmental pollution is serious, illegal mining is repeatedly banned, and a large number of rare earths are exported and smuggled in disguise; foreign countries, the United States, the European Union, and Japan continue to issue rare earth exports. Put pressure on our country. More than half a century of super-strength mining has enabled China's rare earth resources to maintain reserves and the number of years of protection has been declining. At present, the resources of the main mining area in Baotou are only about one-third, and the storage-production ratio of the southern ion-type rare earth ore is also reduced from 50 years ago to the current 15. Some experts pointed out that compared with the per capita resources, China is currently It is already a country with scarce rare earths. However, China has not yet completed industrialization, and it needs to consume a large amount of rare earths in the future. China's rare earth industry is facing the test of decelerating and coercive development. However, the reporter's investigation found that this process is not smooth sailing, and still faces multiple dilemmas such as environmental bearing and development disorder. Experts pointed out that starting from the source of resource development and coordinating and managing the development, production and export of rare earths are the key to breaking through the difficulties. The environment bears the name of unsustainable rare earths with industrial vitamins and is a rare strategic resource. Over the years, China has supported more than 90% of the world's demand for rare earths, and has paid a heavy environmental cost. Quzhou City, Jiangxi Province is the largest source of ionic heavy rare earth minerals in China. In the mid-to-late 1980s, there were as many as 1,035 rare earth mining sites with mining licenses at the highest peak in Ganzhou. Due to the indiscriminate mining, the ecological environment of the mining area was seriously damaged. In an interview with the rare earth mines in Dingnan County and Longnan County of Cangzhou City, the reporter found that the mountains were devastated. Some villagers in the mining area said that since the mining of rare earths, the well water and river water have turned yellowish brown and taste pungent. They have to go to the water to eat in the distance before passing the tap water. Experts said that the ionic medium-heavy rare earth mine used backward heap leaching and pool leaching technology, and produced about 2,000 tons of tailings per ton of rare earth oxide. Although in situ leaching process is used, it is inevitably produced. A large amount of pollutants such as ammonia nitrogen and heavy metals destroy vegetation and seriously pollute water bodies and soil. Light rare earth minerals are mostly associated with polymetallic ore. In the process of smelting and separation, a large amount of “three wastes†will also be produced. In addition, some places may easily cause landslides and mudslides due to rare earth mining. Su Bo, deputy director of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, said that the cost of rare earth mining in China has been shocking for many years. It is estimated that the environmental pollution caused by rare earth mining in Zhangzhou alone will be as high as 38 billion yuan. In order to prevent mining, production of rare earth pollution and environmental damage, in recent years China has introduced a series of environmental protection policies and measures, especially the improvement of environmental protection standards, and carried out environmental verification work for all rare earth mines, smelting and separation, metal production enterprises, and promoted the rare earth industry. The company invested more than 4 billion yuan in environmental protection and technology upgrades, which promoted the environmental protection level of the industry. Tang Yixuan, director and chief scientist of Jiangxi Yiluma Rare Earth Luminescent Materials Co., Ltd., said that it is estimated that for every 1 ton of rare earth concentrate mined in the southern region, at least 120,000 yuan will be spent on environmental protection and vegetation restoration. The environmental protection facilities have invested hundreds of millions of yuan, but the current actual investment gap is still relatively large. “The destruction of the ecological environment is shocking and cannot be continued!†Some experts and heads of rare earth enterprises believe that, based on the existing planned mining areas of 11 rare earth countries, they will continue to be unsuitable for mining based on factors such as ecological environment. In the scope of the planned mining area, the state increased its support in planning mining area management. At the same time, further strengthen environmental protection law enforcement, and urge enterprises to improve environmental protection. According to the principle of “who mines and manages, while mining and governanceâ€, the corporate governance responsibility is clarified. The source control and control constraints are weak. "If the resources are not managed , the others are empty talk." Zhao Zengqi, former director of the Baotou Rare Earth Research Institute, said that the light rare earth resources in the north are concentrated and easy to control. The southern ionic heavy rare earth mines are widely distributed and easy to In recent years, rare earth resources have been developed and planned in areas with rare earth resources such as Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Fujian. The mining rights set in the mining area are various, which makes it more difficult to control. The problem of illegal mining has also been banned. For example, in recent years, the iron ore outcrop mine near the Baiyun Obo Mine of Baotou Baogang Group is rich in rare earth. Although some people patrol day and night, some people still steal mine stones. In addition, due to the higher grade of rare earth in the tailings of Baotou Steel Group, it has also been targeted by some lawless elements. In 2010, the police in Baotou City detected a case of the theft of rare earth resources. The eight unscrupulous people involved in the case had stolen more than 100 times and stolen more than 300 tons of tailings and rare earth concentrate powder. Most of the ion-type rare earths in the south are located in remote mountainous areas. The mountains are densely forested, the mining areas are scattered, and there are many mines. The supervision cost is high and the difficulty is high. The phenomenon of stealing rare earths is more serious. The reporter learned that in 2011, the Cangzhou Mineral Resources Administration discovered and stopped illegal mining of rare earths, and in the first quarter of this year, 52 cases were investigated. A county leader in Longnan County, Cangzhou City, who is in charge of rare earths, said with helplessness: "In southern Anhui, there are rare earths in the mountains and plains. Although the private excavation phenomenon has been effectively curbed, it is difficult to eradicate. The peasants go up the mountain to dig a car of red clay. Two bags of fertilizer can leach rare earths.†Some industry insiders said that although China has introduced a directive plan for rare earth mining and smelting separation every year, because the source is not well controlled, the company acquires and processes illegally mined rare earth mines and evades quota system exports. The smuggling of rare earth products was implemented, and the effectiveness of quota management was greatly reduced. "The root of the rare earth problem is in the production process. Such a small industry has not been managed for so many years and needs to be reconsidered," said Tu Xinquan, vice president of the China WTO Research Institute of the University of International Business and Economics. The insiders suggest that in order to manage the source, it is necessary to plan the layout of rare earth resources development and industrial development, and further improve the mining rights approval threshold for strategic resources such as rare earth. The previously established mining rights that are not in compliance with relevant policies should be cancelled or integrated. At the same time, it should strengthen the binding force of the production and smelting separation directive plan, have clear and powerful penalties for the over-production behavior, and clearly stipulate the responsibility of the command plan department to prevent the “instruction change guidance†and the department between the departments. problem. Industry integration faces multiple obstacles "capacity integration, enterprise alliance, is the foundation of the benign development of the market." Liang Xingfang, general manager of Baotou Ruixin Rare Earth Metal Materials Co., Ltd., said that China is the first rare earth resource country and production supplier country, due to The industry is too fragmented and has not obtained pricing power for many years. In recent years, with the rapid development of China's market economy, the integration of China's rare earth industry is also accelerating. For example, Chinalco Group, Jiangxi Copper Group, Minmetals Group, Baotou Steel Rare Earth Group and other enterprises are integrating the development and smelting of rare earth resources. Separate production capacity. Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guangxi and other provinces and autonomous regions are also forming local leading enterprises, but from the national perspective, there are still too many enterprises, and integration faces various obstacles. For example, Inner Mongolia launched the integration of rare earth smelting and separating enterprises in May last year. In addition to Baotou Steel Group, the other 35 upstream enterprises in the autonomous region are within the scope of integration and closure. The original deadline was set at the end of June of that year. However, due to the large differences in the compensation standards of related companies, although the program has been adjusted, the integration work is still difficult. At the beginning of this year, when the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology proposed to integrate existing rare earth enterprises into two or three large-scale enterprises, some regions have independently established local leading enterprises because of local interests. For example, a person in charge of Chenzhou City said that in recent years, Chenzhou City has established the Luzhou Rare Earth Group, and hopes that the state will support the establishment of a large-scale national rare earth enterprise group with the relevant state-owned enterprises. Tu Xinquan said that it is very important to break through the dilemma of mineral products including rare earth exports. After the industrial concentration is improved, the government does not need to be controlled. The large enterprises themselves have the awareness and ability to control the output and price based on market advantages. Similar practices have been common in other countries. For example, Brazil exports a large amount of iron ore. The asking price is unambiguous, but it rarely eats a lawsuit. Because iron ore mining and trade are monopolized by Vale, the Brazilian government has no right to interfere with business operations. Disguised export and smuggling free regulation In recent years, rare earth products have been in short supply. Some enterprises have exported rare earths in the name of ferroalloys in order to avoid export quota restrictions. To this end, last year the Ministry of Commerce and General Administration of Customs jointly issued a notice, the provisions of the "other, by weight of the total rare earth element content of> 10% of ferroalloy" will be included in the rare earth quota license management, and imposed a 25% tariff. "However, the existing regulations have not included the smear film." Some business leaders told the reporter that after further processing, the enamel film can produce permanent magnet materials, hydrogen storage alloys and other products. Due to the export quotas, the quotas can be avoided. In recent years, a large number of enterprises have flocked to order production equipment, and the orders for the production of the belt furnace are full. In addition, the problem of rare earth smuggling is also very serious. According to the statistics of foreign customs, the amount of rare earth imported from China is significantly higher than that of China Customs. In 2011, it was 1.2 times higher. With China's export volume of rare earth products and the amount of rare earth minerals abroad, estimated consumption of rare earth products in recent years, disguised export and smuggling of rare earth products per year is expected to total more than 20,000 tons. Since 2009, customs in Qingdao and Nanning have successively cracked down on the smuggling of rare earth products with a total amount of smuggling of over 100 million yuan. On the other hand, experts believe that after half a century of development, China's rare earth products have more than 400 kinds, more than 1,000 specifications, new products continue to emerge, the current rare earth export tax number is only about 50, some products and exports If the tax number is out of line, it will not meet the regulatory needs, but also lead to the loss of resources and smuggling. Relevant departments should pay attention to and solve this problem. The rare earth functional materials should be included in the export quota management as soon as possible by means of the rare earth content converted into rare earth materials, and the management of disguised export rare earth products should be strengthened. Dealing with international pressures that interfere with China for the United States, the European Union, and Japan accuse China of restricting rare earth exports from violating WTO rules. Experts such as Gong Hongliu, an associate professor at the University of International Business and Economics, believe that the current WTO has not yet determined that China violates regulations, so there is no need to quell the dispute in the near future. And hastily revamped the measures involved. At the same time, the WTO mechanism should be fully utilized to safeguard its own interests, because the WTO framework is a negotiating platform, not just a referee. Tu Xinquan and other experts believe that the WTO has not dealt with litigation concerning rare earths before. The rulings of the US, Europe and Mexico against China's nine kinds of raw material export restriction disputes are estimated to be used as a reference. At that time, China cited the general exception clause for protecting the environment, but the WTO ruled that China did not have the right to use export tax, because at the time of accession to the WTO, China only listed 84 kinds of products for export tax, and did not extend to include other products of the kind involved in the dispute. Therefore, the WTO completely denied the reasons for responding to China. In addition, China’s defense of the use of export quotas was to protect non-renewable resources, but the WTO did not hold it, and believed that China did not adopt domestic production restrictions at the same time. Therefore, if the control measures for rare earth and other mineral products are still defended by reasons such as the protection of the environment, the defense of export quotas can invoke the general exception clause. Since China restricts exports, it also adopts measures to restrict production in China, and indeed There is also the problem of polluting the environment, so there is room for defense against the exception of the protection resource shortage and the protection of the environment. On the issue of export tax, experts suggest that the WTO rules framework can be jumped out, the export tax is domestic tax, and the production and price of rare earth minerals such as rare earths are regulated by collecting resource taxes and environmental taxes, thereby achieving the goal of protecting the environment and shortage of resources.
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