The main reason for the low utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer is the volatilization loss of ammonium nitrogen and the leaching of nitrate nitrogen fertilizer and denitrification.
There are five main measures to improve the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer:
(1) Reasonable distribution: Nitrogen fertilizer is applied to soil with good yielding effect. According to the test results, it is generally found that the utilization rate is high on the poor and low-yielding soil with good groundwater quality and low basic output, and the yield increase effect is more significant.
(2) Deep application of soil: deep application combined with covering soil can increase the adsorption of ammonium ions by soil, reduce volatilization, and significantly increase the yield of ammonium nitrogen fertilizer. The depth of fertilization should be combined with the characteristics of crop varieties and fertilization amount. If the amount of chemical fertilizer is small and the root distribution of the crop is shallow, the shallow application of the middle layer (6-12 cm deep) is better; the amount of chemical fertilizer is large, the root system of the crop is developed, the depth of the soil is deep, and the branch is wide. 15 cm) is appropriate.
(3) Application of nitrogen fertilizer to crops: The crop habits are different, and the requirements for nitrogen fertilizer are also different. Wheat, corn and other cereal crops require more nitrogen fertilizer, and should be applied more appropriately. For bean crops, only a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be applied at the early stage of growth before the rhizobium is not functioning, and the same kind of crops also have the difference in fertilizer tolerance. The resistant varieties are slightly larger than the unfertile varieties. There is also a difference in the amount of nitrogen required for different growth periods of the same crop. For example, corn needs more fertilizer during jointing stage and big bell stage. At this time, nitrogen fertilizer should be traced, and wheat is “rich in the tiresâ€. It is very important to satisfy the base fertilizer. It is proved that 60% of nitrogen fertilizer and all phosphate fertilizers are applied. As a base fertilizer, 40% of the nitrogen fertilizer is applied once or in several times according to the characteristics of the soil. The response of different crops to ammonium and nitrate nitrogen is not exactly the same. The application of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in wheat, corn and other cereal crops is also effective. The artichokes prefer ammonium nitrogen. Tobacco likes nitrate nitrogen, and most vegetables also like nitrate nitrogen.
(4) Fertilization due to soil: The application of nitrogen fertilizer must allow for consideration of soil fertility and fertilizer retention characteristics. The soil layer is deep, and the land with strong fertility is mainly base fertilizer, once topdressing; the wind-sand soil and sand-soil that have poor fertility should adhere to the principle of eating less and eating more meals, and adopting separate fertilization.
(5) Combined application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers: The normal growth and development of crops requires the coordinated supply of various nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. According to the situation of soil nitrogen and phosphorus deficiency in our county, we should pay attention to the cooperation of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. At the same time, the soil in our county lacks trace elements, and it is necessary to pay attention to the application of trace elements according to different crops and soils.
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