Bitter melon (scientific name: balsam pear), annual climbing herb, multi-branched, stems and branches are pilose, tendril slender, up to 20 cm, is a gourd family of bitter gourd, fruit contains Charantin, bitter taste, very High edible value, with the effect of cooling off heat, clearing heat and reducing fire.
The petiole of the bitter gourd is fine, initially white pilose, and becomes nearly hairless afterwards, and is 4--6 cm long. Leaf blade contour ovate or suborbicular, membranous, long and wide 4- 4--12 cm, green on top, pale green on the back, palmate palmate. Androgynous. Male flowers are single-leaved, peduncle slender, 3--7 cm long, with one sepal in middle or lower part. Sepals green, kidney-shaped or round, entire, slightly marginal, long and wide 5--15 mm. Calyx lobes ovate-lanceolate, 4---6 mm long, 2---3 mm wide. Corolla yellow, lobes obovate, apex obtuse, acute or dimpled, 1.5--2 cm long, 0.8---1.2 cm wide. The stamens are free and the pharmacy is flexed. Female flowers solitary, pedicels puberulent, 10---12 cm long. The ovary is spindle-shaped, densely poplar-like, multi-tumor wrinkled, 10- to 20 cm long, orange-yellow after maturity. The seeds are mostly oblong, with red arils, engraved on both sides, 1.5--2 cm long and 1---1.5 cm wide. Flower and fruit period from May to October.
Bitter gourd is suitable for planting in our province. The market demand for hybrid seed is increasing year by year. In order to standardize the technology of hybridization of bitter gourd, and further enhance scientific, applicability and operability, the author will make seedling cultivation, field management, artificial pollination, pest control and so on. The system has been tested and researched, and it is now organized for reference and application.
1. Definition of terms
1.1 Parent: The seed of the breeder's seed is produced according to the technical rules of the original production and reaches the quality standard of the original species, and is used for the female parent and the male parent of the field breeding.
1.2 Inbred lines: A group of plants with good agronomic traits that have been self-crossed for several generations, resulting in a uniform agronomic traits and a simple genetic basis.
1.3 Production species: the hybrid generation obtained after the cross between the male parent and the female parent, used for seed production in the field.
2. Land preparation technology
2.1 Base selection: The seed production base should select loam or sandy loam blocks that have not been planted with melon crops for three consecutive years, and have flat terrain, deep soil layers, strong soil fertility and good drainage.
2.2 Base preparation: deep ploughing and sun drying, 100kg of wood ash per planting 667m2, 3000~4000kg of decomposed organic fertilizer, sputum sputum, stalk width 2m, ridge width 0.5m, ridge height 0.2m, granules applied 20~30kg of calcium phosphate.
3, seedling technology
3.1 Seedbed: 22 m2 seedbed is required for planting every 667 m2, nutrient soil is prepared according to 6 parts of fertile soil, 4 parts of fully decomposed organic fertilizer, plus 1 kg of diammonium phosphate, mix well, smooth and solid, and the seedbed can be used in the form of impotence or small Arch shed.
3.2 germination: In order to ensure that the father can provide pollen in time, germination in the middle and late March, the father is usually 10 days earlier than the mother. Soak seeds in warm water at 50 °C for about 20 minutes, soak for about 6 to 8 hours after cooling, and change the water once in the middle. When changing water, pick up the seeds and remove the impurities to prevent the seeds. After the seeds are drained, they are placed in a 30 ° C incubator for germination, and rinsed once a day with water to prevent mildew. When more than 50% of the seeds are exposed, they can be sown.
3.3 Sowing: Before sowing, the seedbed is watered once. After underwater seepage, divide into 10cm×10cm squares, spread the seeds into the center of the square, cover the soil with about 2cm, and then cover the plastic film.
3.4 Temperature: The temperature of the seedbed is maintained at 30 °C during the day and above 15 °C at night. It is properly ventilated at noon to prevent burning. When the melon seedlings are 2 to 3 leaves, they are planted. 7 to 10 days before transplanting, it is necessary to control the water and ventilate the seedlings.
4, colonization technology
4.1 Planting method: Parents are planted in the field, the ratio is 1..5~6.
4.2 Daejeon planting: Before planting, according to the petiole's petiole color, leaf vein, leaf type, plant type and other traits, the stalks are strictly removed. When 2~3 leaves are used, the seedlings are planted on both sides of the ridge, and the plant spacing is 0.5m.
5, field management
5.1 Ride the vines: properly control the fertilizer and water during the seedling period. When the plant is vine, insert the bamboo pole on the side of the plant to introduce the vine, and use the herringbone frame or the horizontal scaffolding to artificially assist the vine to make the vine leaves evenly distributed. The vines or the side vines should be removed on a sunny afternoon.
5.2 Pruning: After the melon is put on the shelf, remove the side vines below 1 m from the base of the main vine. The side vines above 1 m can be left for 3, and the rest are removed. Remove the old leaves and excessive buds and male flower buds in time. After the main vine stretches 6 to 7 melons, leave 5 to 6 leaves to top, remove the remaining vines, and ensure the number of fruit.
5.3 Fertilizer and water management: bitter gourd has a long growth period and is resistant to fertilizer. It should ensure sufficient supply of water and fertilizer, especially during fruit expansion. In case of drought, water should be poured every 7 days. Before watering, apply ternary compound fertilizer (15--15--15) 30kg per 667m2, and spray potassium dihydrogen phosphate 2~3 times on the foliage. In case of continuous rain, attention should be paid to drainage and flood prevention.
5.4 Artificial pollination: Bitter melon flowering is more than 2 to 7 o'clock every day. Because the first female flower node is lower, the plant is still small, for which the first female flower is usually removed, and the second female flower is used as the seeding melon. In the morning, the male parent flower and the female female flower bud that will be opened in the field will be bagged and isolated. The next day, from 6 to 10, the male flower isolated from the previous day will be removed and the petals will be removed. The female flower paper bag allows the anther to be gently contacted with the stigma for pollination, and one male flower can give 2 to 3 female flowers. After pollination, the female flowers are still covered with paper bags for isolation, and the polling marks are tied on the flower handles. After polling for 4 to 5 days, the paper bags are removed in time to avoid deformation of the young melons. The female parent pollinates 7-8 female flowers per plant, chooses to leave 6-7 kinds of melons, and removes the remaining unpollinated or pollinated but poorly developed young melons as soon as possible.
6, pest control
6.1 Main pests and diseases: The main diseases of bitter gourd farming include powdery mildew and anthracnose, and insect pests include aphids, melons, and Spodoptera litura.
6.2 Pest Control
6.2.1 Principles of prevention and control: prevention is the main, comprehensive prevention and treatment. Based on agricultural control, physical control and biological control are combined, and chemical control is carried out in a timely manner.
6.2.2 Prevention methods
6.2.2.1 Agricultural control: Implement crop rotation to avoid continuous cropping with melon crops. Scientific fertilization, rational watering, create a suitable growth environment, improve resistance to stress and pests, and promote robust growth of plants. Clean the pastoral, timely remove the residual leaves, rotten leaves, diseased leaves, reduce the source of disease, reduce the incidence of invasive diseases.
6.2.2.2 Physical control: use insect traps, sweet and sour liquid, insecticidal lamps to trap pests.
6.2.2.3 Chemical control: According to the "GB 4285 Pesticide Safety Use Standards" catalogue, scientific and reasonable selection of high-efficiency, low-toxicity, low-residue chemical pesticides for prevention and control, to achieve safe, high-quality, high-efficiency prevention and control purposes.
Method 1: Spraying 50% thiophanate 800-1000 times solution or 70% chlorothalonil WP 600 times solution to prevent powdery mildew and anthrax.
Method 2: Control the melon with a 1000 times solution of lesburn.
Method 3: Control the aphids and Spodoptera litura with a 1000-2000 times solution of the enemy killing emulsion or 1500 times of the 40% dimethoate emulsifiable concentrate.
7. Harvesting and storage
The lower end of the melon is orange-red, and when the melon is not cracked, it should be harvested in time for the harvest. Harvesting seeds can be carried out in stages according to the maturity of the melons. It is best to use scissors when picking to avoid damaging the melons. Choose the color and melon shape to keep the seeds, and remove the miscellaneous melons.
After harvesting, the melons are cooked in a ventilated place and cooked for 2 days. Then the seeds are cut open and the seeds are taken out. When the amount is small, it can be directly loaded into the gauze bag and washed in the water to separate the seed from the melon. When the amount is large, the removed seeds can be placed in a wooden and tiled pot for 6 to 12 hours (the use of iron), and then the seeds are separated by hand, and then washed with water. Washed seeds should be placed on the mats to dry, avoid exposure in the hot sun.
The bitter melon seeds weigh about 150-180g, and generally harvest 25kg per 667m2. The dried seeds are put into a bag and placed in the seed storage room in time. The seed storage room requires constant temperature and humidity, and is kept by a special person.
8, quality inspection
After the seeds are put into storage, the qualified testing institutions should sample and test the seed quality according to GB/T 3543, which meets the requirements of GB 16715.1, and can still be used as a commodity hybrid generation.
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